Whos Afraid Of Banquos Ghost Essays - Emotions, Fear, Sabretooth

Who's Afraid Of Banquo's Ghost? Dread is maybe one of the most base and essential human feelings. In numerous cases it is a direct result of a response to this feeling people can settle on essential choices to their endurance. In the tribal condition, a legitimate reaction to fear or the battle or flight reflex regularly had the effect among life and passing. Those people irresponsible enough to prod the sabretooth tiger to intrigue the women may have come to their meaningful conclusion a couple of times, yet regularly they wound up as a delicious supper. Obviously, dread is then a valuable thing for advancement to go along to following ages. However current dread is quite a lot more mind boggling and tangled than that of old man. Indeed, even in the hours of the medieval times where Macbeth happens, the inconspicuous compound nature of what individuals could fear and how much is faltering in examination. At its most fundamental level, dread is valuable since it can assist the person with surviving circumstances by making them mindful of natural dangers in their present circumstance. In the play, dread - or its prominent nonattendance are essential in assisting with deciding how characters will act and what approaches they will follow. Be that as it may, because of the more detailed nature of social jobs, the correct strategy is no longer as straightforward as just maintaining a strategic distance from the sabretooth. In the play, Macbeths dread is especially essential due to its connection to his perspective. The more conquered he is by dread, the not so much steady but rather more psychotic he becomes. Preceding slaughtering Duncan the vision of a drifting knife starts to terrify him, especially when he sees on [the] cutting edge and dudgeon, gouts of blood (Act 2 Scn 1 Ln 46) which he understands is identified with his pending homicide of the lord. Be that as it may, the fear he has neglects to cause him to rethink his activities and rather serve to solidify his determination to proceed with his arrangement of murdering Duncan. When his choice is made, he wishes that the sure and firm-set earth, Hear not my means, what direction they stroll, for dread Thy very stones prate of my whereabout (Act 2 Scn1 Ln 56-58). Macbeths worry now has been fairly lessened and without a doubt curbed all around ok to permit him to submit the deed. In any case, his discourse afterward affirms that he has not acknowledged the homicide totally and now is starting to think again about what he has done. In fact, he is reluctant to think what I have done, Look ont again I dare not. (2:2 50-51) What he communicates isn't really lament about murdering Duncan, yet without a doubt dread at the solid chance that it will make up for lost time to him. Dread currently has decreased him to failure and all through his fuming gets reliant on Lady Macbeth to clean his hands and steer him away from the thumping. She comments to him Your steadiness has left you unattended (2:2 67-68) and needs to shepherd him back to their quarters. Inquisitively, it is Macbeths limit with respect to fear and less significantly lament over what he has done which makes him eventually human. He is an imperfect lowlife since he neglects to truly accomplish genuine devilishness. In her piece General Macbeth, Mary McCarthy can't help contradicting the thought that Macbeth is wracked with blame and undoubtedly composes that the impression of him as a still, small voice tormented man is a saying as bogus as Macbeth himself. Macbeth has no heart (McCarthy 160). She contends that his primary concern is to dodge genuine self-recrimination about his past activities and to get a decent evenings rest (in the same place). While it might sound to some degree skeptical to think about the character along these lines, it unquestionably is conceivable. A great deal of the inner conflict in this play comes unequivocally as a result of how Macbeth can be translated as being truly grieved and repentant for anything hes done or whether hes simply concerned and upset about what it has cost him. The passionate cost of executing Duncan was exceptionally high for him as his response appeared, and in like manner the cost of having Banquo killed should likewise have been an enormous one. However the distinction here

Renaissance of Filmmaking French New Wave Free Essays

Possibly the period directly after the universal war was the most progressive period in movie history with the Italians having their neo-authenticity and the French having their new wave. French new wave was separate miles from the conventional French film. It was striking, youthful, solid, sharp, and creative and actually a New Wave in each sense. We will compose a custom paper test on Renaissance of Filmmaking: French New Wave or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now In the ass’s some French film pundits drove this casual development, which would thusly, motivate and change the manner in which the world saw film. It tends to be known as the renaissance of film-production. The chiefs of French New Wave were not set into any McCollum. Each had their own style, claim to fame and an ache to make something remarkable. From the motion pictures made during this time some might be overlooked however many are still seen and enthusiastically suggested. The tides of this new wave came to shores of all enormous film enterprises over the world. The heading styles were particular. The executive didn't follow a pre-decided content. A great deal of work was done rashly. The areas weren’t misleadingly made. Every genuine area were utilized: the chiefs accepted that it would help keep up the validness of the story. The equivalent was the motivation to utilize normal lighting rather than counterfeit lighting. The sounds in the movies were common and direct not at all like the standard backhanded sounds. Every one of these elements added to making French New Wave films very genuine like. Not Just this, the language was kept informal no overwhelming exchanges, no overwhelming feelings venting through the words-everything was kept as everyday as could be expected under the circumstances. To add on to this saying the on-screen characters were quite often non-experts, which implied that their non-verbal communication wouldn’t be adapted, their demeanors would be genuine and their common appearance would make the characters look real. Every one of these entertainers likewise brought about the way that the chief didn't require a swarm of man power and could work advantageously with a chosen few individuals. The low financial plans that these movies were given fit the chiefs Just fine since they at any rate required extremely essential things for their movies: Real areas didn't cost anything, no requirement for fake lighting and non-proficient entertainers didn't should be paid abundantly. The two much inscribed modifiers that could be utilized for French New Wave could be Free and Original. Free such that nothing about the New Wave motion pictures was restricted to a structure or a solitary technique. Free-form heading, camera taking care of, narrating strategies, and so forth were the distinguishing qualities of French new wave. The way that numerous scenes didn't utilize a fixed camera and rather utilized a handheld camera separates it. At the point when it came to French new wave nothing was unchangeable. The executive followed up on his instinct. Brokenness of scenes is a significant part of French new wave. It is exceptionally easy to see it in any film that has a place with it. The equivalent went with the sound piece of French New Wave films. The way that these chiefs utilized direct solid at times gave the movies a narrative vibe and furthermore to include that there wasn’t a specific ay of portraying the story. The 1960 French new wave film, ‘Breathless’ came and it had a ton of components which made it an extremely trademark French New Wave film. The striking scenes of sexual intrigue or the self-centeredness of who are apparently sweethearts is uncommon. A basic story but then with so much intricacy not in the plot-however in the way it’s made, it’s striking, lively and creative. Despite the fact that now such motion pictures are normal, in the ass’s it was an insurgency. French new wave probably won't be a formal and pre-arranged development yet It occurred at the ideal spot and at the eight time and its impact right up 'til today are seen all round the world. The way that the Indian Art-film industry holds a great deal of impact from the French new wave is a genuine model as any. The tales of French new wave films were all unique however what set them apart from the remainder of the world was their distinction in narrating, despite the fact that this distinction was not uniform in the French New Wave films. It has propelled a ton of huge chiefs to make films which were the sign of greatness and will continue doing as such. It indicated that any account of any sort can generally disrupt guidelines and be appeared in an alternate style. The most effective method to refer to Renaissance of Filmmaking: French New Wave, Papers

How Creative Essay Samples Can Help You?

How Creative Essay Samples Can Help You?There are a lot of creativity essay samples available in the internet. When you choose an essay writing service that can offer creative essays for you, you would be getting the opinion of people who write for a living and have used creative essay samples on several occasions. These are some of the benefits you would get if you select these samples as your essay writing service provider.When you read essay samples written by various writers and find out their writing styles, you can get an idea about the writer's personality and you can be certain that the writer is capable of writing anything for you. Most essay writing services offer high quality essay writing samples that they use as their input into the making of their own creative essays. In fact, most of the creativity essay samples are very unique.The creativity essay samples are not just the samples of high quality essays written for students. Some of them are also essay writing samples that are aimed at experts in their field. You can use the samples as a reference when you visit the colleges that you apply to or when you write your own research papers for your master's or doctoral programs.Aside from the fact that these creative essay samples are designed for everyone, you can still go for the individual essays for you. Just remember that these essay writing services are not meant for you if you are not good enough to write an essay. If you are not that good in writing essays, just choose one of the essay writing samples that you like best.One thing you need to remember when you are looking for a creative essay writing service is that it should provide high quality essays. It is true that essays written by the service provider are expert in their field. On the other hand, if you do not want to compromise the quality of the essay writing service you are using, you can look for a higher quality service provider.The first thing you should know is that most of the se rvice providers do not care if you are a student or an expert in your field. All you need to know is that you have the talent to write an essay or that you are the right candidate for the job. However, if you are not able to express yourself properly in writing, a creative essay writing service would be perfect for you.As an example, if you are a person who loves to write, you can learn how to write high quality essays by hiring a creative essay writing service. You can write your own thesis or you can write the exam paper for your dissertation. It does not matter what you are writing for. With creativity essay samples, you can get exactly what you need.So, if you are having a hard time in writing your own creative essays, you should consider hiring a creative essay writing service. It will give you the right guidance on how to write the essays for your personal or professional goals.

15 Quirky Questions (and Answers) About the English Language

Do you consider yourself an expert in the  English language? Wondering how much you still need to learn? Take a few minutes to test your knowledge of English with these 15 questions. The answer key is below. Quiz 1. Roughly what proportion of the worlds population is fluent or competent in English?(a) one person in 1,000(b) one in a 100(c) one in 10(d) one in four 2. Which country contains the largest English-speaking population in the world?(a) England(b) United States(c) China(d) India(e) Australia 3. In approximately how many countries does the English language have official or special status?(a) 10(b) 15(c) 35(d) 50(e) 75 4. Which of the following is probably the most widely used English word throughout the world?(a) dollar(b) okay(c) Internet(d) sex(e) movie 5. According to rhetorician I.A. Richards, a proponent of the simplified language known as Basic English, Even with so small a word list and so simple a structure it is possible to say in Basic English anything needed for the general purpose of everyday existence. How many words are in the lexicon of Basic English?(a) 450(b) 850(c) 1,450(d) 2,450(e) 4,550 6. The English language is conventionally divided into three historical periods. In which of these periods did William Shakespeare write his plays?(a) Old English(b) Middle English(c) Modern English 7. Which of the following is the longest word that appears in a play by William Shakespeare?(a) honorificabilitudinitatibus(b) sesquipedalian(c) antidisestablishmentarianism(d) disproportionableness(e) incomprehensibleness 8. An acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of a name. An eponym is a word derived from the proper name of a person or place. What term is used for a word thats derived from the same root as another word?(a) retronym(b) oronym(c) paronym(d) exonym 9. Which one of the following words is an example of an isogram?(a) destruction(b) racecar(c) sesquipedalian(d) buffet(e) palindrome 10. Which one of the following observations applies to the word typewriter?(a) Its the longest word that is typed with only the left hand.(b) Its a palindrome.(c) It appeared in Samuel Johnsons Dictionary of the English Language—several decades before the invention of the first typing machine.(d) Its the only word in English that doesnt rhyme with any other word.(e) It can be typed using only the top row of keys on a standard keyboard. 11. Which of the following is generally regarded as the first genuine dictionary in English?(a) The Elementarie by Richard Mulcaster(b) A Table Alphabeticall by Robert Cawdrey(c) Glossographia by Thomas Blount(d) Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson(e) An American Dictionary of the English Language by Noah Webster 12. Which of the following was Noah Websters best-selling book or pamphlet?(a) A Grammatical Institute of the English Language (popularly known as the Blue-Backed Speller)(b) Compendious Dictionary of the English Language(c) a booklet on global warming titled Are Our Winters Getting Warmer?(d) An American Dictionary of the English Language(e) a revision of the King James Bible 13. The sentence Natasha is a friend of Joans and a client of Marlowes contains two examples of which grammatical structure?(a) double comparative(b) double entendre(c) double genitive(d) double negativee) double superlative 14. What was novelist David Foster Wallaces name for a really extreme usage fanatic—someone who knows what dysphemism means and doesnt mind letting you know it?(a) grammaticaster(b) purist(c) SNOOT(d) language maven(e) prescriptivist 15. Which of the following terms refers to the substitution of a more offensive word or phrase for one considered less offensive?(a) dysphemism(b) euphemism(c) dramatism(d) orthophemism(e) neologism Answers 1. (d) According to David Crystal in  English as a Global Language  (2003), [A]bout a quarter of the worlds population is already fluent or competent in English, and this figure is steadily growing—in the early 2000s that  means  around 1.5 billion people. 2. (d) English is spoken by upwards of 350 million people in urban areas of India. 3. (e) The director of editorial projects for the  Oxford English Dictionary, Penny Silva, says that English has official or special status in at least 75 countries (with a combined population of two billion people). 4. (b) According to linguist Tom McArthur in  The Oxford Guide to World English, The form  OK  or  okay  is probably the most intensively and widely used (and borrowed) word in the history of the language. 5. (b) The list of 850 core words introduced in C.K. Ogdens 1930 book,  Basic English: A General Introduction With Rules and Grammar, is still used today by some teachers of English as a second language. 6. (c) The period of Modern English extends from the 1500s to the present day. Shakespeare wrote his plays between 1590 and 1613. 7. (a)  Honorificabilitudinitatibus  (27 letters) shows up in a speech by Costard in Shakespeares comedy,  Loves Labours Lost. O, they have  livd  long on the  almsbasket  of words. I marvel thy master hath not eaten thee for a word, for thou art not so long by the head as honorificabilitudinitatibus. Thou art easier swallowed than a flap-dragon. 8. (c) A word derived from the same root as another word is a  paronym  (similar to the rhetorical figure of  polyptoton). 9. (e) The word  palindrome  (which refers to a word, phrase, or sentence that reads the same backward or forward) is an  isogram—that is, a word in which no letters are repeated. 10. (e) It can be typed using only the top row of keys on a standard keyboard. 11. (b) Published in 1604, Robert Cawdreys  A Table Alphabeticall contained roughly 2,500 words, each matched with a synonym or brief definition. 12. (a) Originally published in 1783, Websters Blue-Backed Speller went on to sell nearly 100 million copies over the next century. 13. (c) Both a friend of Joans and a client of Marlowes are double genitives. 14. (c) In his review article Authority and American Usage, Wallace wrote, There are lots of  epithets  for people like this—Grammar Nazis, Usage Nerds, Syntax Snobs, the Grammar Battalion, the Language Police. The term I was raised with is SNOOT. 15. (a) See:  How to Flatter an Audience With Euphemisms, Dysphemisms, and  Distinction.

An Approach of Condition Monitoring of Induction Motor Using Mcsa - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2732 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS, ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT Volume 1, Issue 1, 2007 An Approach of Condition Monitoring of Induction Motor Using MCSA Neelam Mehla, Ratna Dahiya Abstract—With the industrial growth, it has become necessary to monitor the condition of the machine/system. Electrical machine being the most sensitive part has great importance for the researcher to monitor the faults diagnosis. Three phase squirrel cage motor is normally use for industrial purposes. Various techniques are used to control the speed such as DTC (Direct Torque Control), Vector Control, Close Loop Feedback Control etc. Small single phase Induction machine are used for home appliances hence the machine monitoring plays an important role for industrial as well as domestic appliances growth. Various fault detection method has been used in past two decades. Special attention is given to non-invasive methods which are capable to detect fault using major data without disassembly the machine. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Approach of Condition Monitoring of Induction Motor Using Mcsa" essay for you Create order The Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) is considered the most popular fault detection method now a day because it can easily detect the common machine fault such as turn to turn short ckt, cracked /broken rotor bars, bearing deterioration etc. The present paper discusses the fundamentals of Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) plus condition monitoring of the induction motor using MCSA. I. INTRODUCTION T he operators of induction motor drives are under continual pressure to reduce maintenance costs and prevent unscheduled downtimes that result in lost production and financial income. Many operators now use online condition-based maintenance strategies in parallel with conventional planned maintenance schemes. However, it is still the operator who has to make the final decision on whether to remove a motor from service or let it run based on information from condition monitoring systems. A crucial point about motor current signature analysis (MCSA) is that it is sensing an electrical signal that contains current components that are a direct by-product of unique rotating flux components caused by faults such as broken rotor bars, air gap eccentricity, and shorted turns n low voltage stator windings, etc. MCSA can detect these problems at an early stage and thus avoid secondary damage and complete failure of the motor [2, 4, 7, and 6]. It is true that broken rotor bars will result in a change to the vibration spectrum, but vibration is traditionally sensed at the bearings. And for each motor there is a different mechanical stiffness between the electromagnetic force s caused by broken bars and the position where the vibration is sensed. This adds an additional complexity when attempts are made to quantify the severity of the problem via vibration analysis. Electromagnetic forces are proportional to the flux density squared waveform in an induction motor [6, 7]. Hence, the vibration from unique electromagnetic forces from broken bars, etc. , is a second order effect compared to current components directly induced from the specific rotating flux waves. In many cases, the fault severity (e. g. , number of broken rotor bars) has to be serious before it can be detected by vibration analysis, and even then the prediction of fault severity is another order of magnitude more difficult. This is not the case with MCSA as has been proven via numerous industrial case histories. With respect to detecting airgap eccentricity problems, a similar reasoning applies as reported by Cameron, et al. [8], Tavner and Penman [9], and as demonstrated via industrial case histories by Thomson and Barbour, [10] and Thomson, et al. [11]. With respect to detecting shorted turns in low voltage stator windings then Thomson [12] has shown that MCSA can detect the fault before a phaseto-phase or phase-to-earth failure. It is therefore possible with a low voltage (LV) stator winding to have some lead time between shorted turns. Manuscript Received April 6, 2007; Revised Received July 27, 2007. The authors are with the National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India 13 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS, ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT Volume 1, Issue 1, 2007 Figure 1: Basic MCSA Instrumentation System. developing and actual failure. In comparison to a high voltage (HV, e. g. , 4160 V and above) induction motor, the time to failure with an inter fault will be very short indeed II. MOTOR CURRENT SIGNATURE ANALYSIS Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) is a system used for analyzing or trending dynamic, energized systems. Proper analysis of MCSA results will assist the technician in identifying: 1. Incoming winding health 2. Stator winding health 3. Rotor Health 4. Air gap static and dynamic eccentricity 5. Coupling health, including direct, belted and geared systems 6. Load issues 7. System load and efficiency 8. Bearing health III. BASIC STEPS FOR ANALYSIS There are a number of simple steps that can be used for analysis using MCSA. The steps are as follow: 1. Map out an overview of the system being analyzed. 2. Determine the complaints related to the system in question. For instance, is the reason for analysis due to improper operation of the equipment, etc. nd is there other data that can be used in an analysis. 3. Take data. 4. Review data and analyze: 4. 1. Review the 10 second snapshot of current to view the operation over that time period. 4. 2. Review low frequency demodulated current to view the condition of the rotor and identify any load-related issues. 4. 3. Review high frequency demodulated current and voltage in order to determine other faults including electrical and mechanical health. Most faults can be determined at a glance, with many rules being similar for both MCSA and vibration analysis. In addition, there are several rules that should be considered: 1. Pole pass frequency (ppf) sidebands around the line frequency indicate rotor bar faults. The higher the peaks, the greater the faults. 2. Harmonic pole pass frequencies often relate to casting voids or loose rotor bars. 3. Non-ppf sidebands that cause a ‘raised noise floor’ around the line frequency peak normally relate to driven load looseness or other driven problems. 4. ‘Raised noise floor’ signatures relate to such things as looseness or cavitation. 5. Peaks that show in current and voltage relate to electrical issues, such as incoming power. Peaks that show in current only relate to winding and mechanical faults. 6. Peak pairs that do not relate to running speed or line frequency are most often bearing related problems. Induction motors are the most widely used electrical machines. Therefore, many researchers have studied motor diagnosis methods to prevent sudden stop in motor system. If there are slightly damaged motors, which have been operating for a long time without symptoms, entire system including these motors can be very dangerous and these motor may be seriously damaged . Preventive measures should be periodically taken in order to protect motors and systems including motors. This is the most efficient way to keep motor operating continuously in healthy conditions. 14 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS, ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT Volume 1, Issue 1, 2007 Figure 2: Overall MCSA Strategy. IV. THEORY OF MCSA A full mathematical analysis (with experimental verification) of a three-phase induction motor operating with broken rotor bars was published by Williamson and Smith (1982)—this gives an excellent in-depth analysis. A conceptual explanation is now presented to assist the reader in gaining a physical understanding of what happens in an induction motor with broken rotor bars. It is well known that a three-phase symmetrical stator winding fed from a symmetrical supply will produce a resultant forward rotating magnetic field at synchronous speed, and, if exact symmetry exists, there will be no resultant backward rotating field. Any asymmetry of the supply or stator winding impedances will cause a resultant backward rotating field from the stator winding. Now apply the same rotating magnetic field fundamentals to the rotor winding, the first difference compared to the stator winding is that the frequency of the induced voltage and current in the rotor winding is at slip frequency and not at the supply frequency: s = per unit slip, f1= supply frequency Hz, f2= sf1 Hz, f2= slip frequency of rotor currents Hz. The rotor currents in a cage winding produce an effective three- phase magnetic field, which has the same number of poles as the stator field but it is rotating at slip frequency (f2) with respect to the rotating rotor. When the cage winding is symmetrical, there is only a forward rotating field at slip frequency with respect to the rotor. If rotor asymmetry occurs, then there will be a resultant backward rotating field at slip frequency with respect to the forward rotating rotor. The result of this is that, with respect to the stationary stator winding, this backward rotating field at slip frequency with respect to the rotor induces a voltage and current in the stator winding at fsb =f1 (1-2s) Hz (1) This is referred to as a twice slip frequency sideband due to broken rotor bars. There is therefore a cyclic variation of current that causes a torque pulsation at twice slip frequency (2sf1) and a corresponding speed oscillation that is also a function of the drive inertia. This speed oscillation can reduce the magnitude (amps) of the f1 (1- 2s) sideband, but an upper sideband current component at f1(1+2s) is induced in the stator winding due to the rotor oscillation. This upper sideband is also enhanced by the third time harmonic flux. Broken rotor bars therefore result in current components being induced in the stator winding at frequencies given by: fsb =f1 (1 ±2s) Hz (2) 15 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS, ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT Volume 1, Issue 1, 2007 This gives  ±2sf1sidebands around the supply frequency component f1. These are the classical twice slip frequency sidebands due to broken rotor bars. These are sometimes referred to as the pole pass frequencies by condition monitoring practitioners, but this is not really an appropriate terminology and can cause confusion. The publications by electrical machine designers, researchers, and manufacturers always refer to the twice slip frequency sidebands due to broken bars, as can be verified by reading the references in this paper. Due to the variables that affect the frequency of these sidebands and their magnitude in amps (normally in dB in a MCSA system), the diagnostic strategy has to consider the following: †¢ Different rotor designs (effect of pole number and number of rotor slots, etc. ). †¢ A wide range of power ratings. †¢ Different load conditions. †¢ Mechanical load characteristics. †¢ Mechanical components in the drive train. These factors can significantly affect the diagnosis and need to be considered in the development of reliable MCSA instrumentation systems for three-phase induction motors. V. LOW VOLTAGE STATOR WINDING FAULTS The most common kind of faults related to stator winding of induction motors are: phase-toground, phase-to-phase and short-circuit of coils of the same or different phase. The last kind of fault is also called turn to turn fault. All these faults are classified as isolation faults and have several causes: hot spots in the stator winding (or stator core) resulting in high temperatures, loosening of structural parts, oil contamination, moisture and dirt, electrical discharges (in case of high voltage windings), slack core lamination, abnormal operation of the cooling system. Shortcircuit related faults have specific components in the stator current frequency spectrum. Incipient faults can be detected sampling the stator current and analyzing its spectrum. This procedure is on the base of MCSA Method. VI. ROTOR FAULTS Motor current signature analysis (MCSA) is one of the most spread procedures to detect rotor faults. In fact, a rotor bar breakage introduces two anomalous lines in the current spectrum far from the supply frequency line. The left-side component is caused directly by the fault, while the right-side component is caused by the consequent speed ripple. The sum of the amplitudes of these two components was proven to be a very good diagnostic index, suitably correlated to the fault severity for fabricated rotors. A drawback of this diagnostic procedure is the possible confusion with the motor current modulation produced by other events. As an example, pulsating load and particular rotor design also cause sideband current components. If the load variation frequency is near, the resulting current spectrum is similar to that of a faulted rotor, but the two causes can still be distinguished. A more difficult issue is that of the particular design of the rotor structure. In large motors, a spidered structure with the same number of legs and poles produces a magnetic asymmetry whose effect is the same of rotor electrical asymmetry. VII . FAULT DIAGNOSIS AND FUZZY LOGIC Fuzzy logic can systematically translate linguistic concepts to numbers and associate elements from a number set to concepts. This capability provides a simple method to analyze and interpret the frequency spectrum obtained for the stator current of induction machines. Fuzzy based algorithms and Fuzzy logic are well adapted to situations where no clear distinction between the concepts of true and false exists. Fuzzy logic can handle situations where the answer lies somewhere in-between. This is the typical case of machine fault diagnosis. In fact, in general it is a difficult task to establish the actual condition of a machine in terms of the existence or not of a defect. However, it makes more sense to classify a fault in terms of its degree of severity. Fuzzy logic permits to infer about the machine state and to establish its condition in different degrees of faulty condition. An important feature of Fuzzy based systems is that the human knowledge and experience can be integrated into the systems in a systematic way. This can be done when the Fuzzy sets and Fuzzy rules are being defined. This feature is even more important because the fault detection is in practice based on the human knowledge and experience, at least up to some degree. 16 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS, ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT Volume 1, Issue 1, 2007 VIII. CONCLUSION Motor Current Signature Analysis is an electric machinery monitoring technology. It provides a highly sensitive, selective, and cost-effective means for online monitoring of a wide variety of heavy industrial machinery. It has been used as a test method to improve the motor bearing wear assessment for inaccessible motors during plant operation. This technique can be fairly simple, or complicated, depending on the system available for data collection and evaluation. MCSA technology can be used in conjunction with other technologies, such as motor circuit analysis, in order to provide a complete overview of the motor circuit. The result of using MCSA as part of motor diagnostics program is a complete view of motor system health. A way forward is for the technology and intelligent diagnosis to be integrated into a technologically advanced hand-held instrument that is applicable to a diverse range of induction motor derives. It has to be appreciated that the operators requirements can be differ widely and an MCSA instrument must be able to cope with induction motor drives in power stations, Petrochemical refineries, offshore oil and gas production platforms, mining industry, paper mills and car industry. 1. 2. 3. 4. REFERENCES Thomson, W. T. and Orpin, P. , â€Å"Current and Vibration Monitoring for Fault Diagnosis and Root Cause Analysis of Induction Motor Drives,† Proceedings of Thirty-First Turbomachinery Symposium, Turbo machinery Laboratory, Texas AM University, College Station, Texas, pp. 61-67, 2002. Hargis, C. , Gaydon, B. G. , and Kamish, K. , â€Å"The Detection of Rotor Defects in Induction Motors,† Proceedings of IEE EMDA Conference, London, England, pp. 216-220, 1982. Thomson, W. T. , â€Å"Diagnosing Faults in Induction Motors Engineering Ideas,† Electrical Review, Vol. 215, no. 17, 1984. Thomson, W. T. and Rankin, D. â€Å"Case Histories of Rotor Winding Fault Diagnosis in Induction Motors,† Proceedings Second International Conference on Condition Monitoring, University College of Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom, 1987. 5. Kliman, G. B. and Stein, J. â€Å"Induction Motor Fault Detection via Passive Current Monitoring,† Proceedings of International Conference (ICEM’90), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, pp. 13-17, 1990. 6. Alger, P. L. , Induction Machines, New York, New York: Gordon and Breach, 1965. 7. Yang, S. J. ,â€Å"Low Noise Electric Motors,† Monographs in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, IEE, Savoy Place, London, England, 1981. . Cameron, J. R. , Thomson, W. T. , and Dow, A. B. , â€Å"Vibration and Current Monitoring for Detecting Airgap Eccentricity in Large Induction Motors,† IEE Proceedings, Vol. 133, no. 3, 1986. 9. Tavner, P. and Penman, J. , â€Å"Condition Monitoring of Electrical Machines†, Research Studies Ltd. , London, England: John Wiley Sons, 1987. 10. Thomson, W. T. and Barbour, A. , â€Å"On-line Current Monitoring and Application of a Finite Element Method to Predict the Level of Airgap Eccentricity in 3-Phase Induction Motors,† IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 347-357, 1998. 11. Thomson, W. T. , Rankin, D . , and Dorrell, D. G. ,â€Å"On-line Current Monitoring to Diagnose Airgap Eccentricity—An Industrial Case History of Large HV, 3-Phase Induction Motors,† IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 1999. 12. Thomson, W. T. , â€Å"On-Line MCSA to Diagnose Shorted Turns in Low Voltage Stator Windings of 3-Phase Induction Motors Prior to Failure,† Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Electrical Machines and Drives (IEMDC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, 2001. 17

Fear And Its Effect On The Way People Act Toward One Another

Throughout history, fear has been used to control and influence the way people act toward one another. Widespread fear, the use of terror and suspicion to turn a population against a large group of people, has led to the unlawful conviction of innocent people through the means of false and fabricated evidence in an attempt to be sure that those in question under the law are convicted—whatever that conviction may be. Those that are responsible for this widespread fear are those that have power within the community; a political leader, a well-respected citizen, or even those without such authority that have the ability to spread false, prejudice, or fabricated information throughout the community. More often than not, the fears that large populations have are associated with religion; Christianity in particular. 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Strategic Management and Leadership for DET Policy- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Management and Leadership for DET Policy. Answer: Are all relevant key legislations included in the DET policy? The Department of Education and Training has planned and implemented different strategies to promote and maintain diversity in the workplace throughout Australia. In this regard, the department has prepared strategies that include the Workforce Diversity Plan 2012-2017, Aboriginal Human Resources Development Plan 2012-2017 and Strategic Human Resources Plan 2012-2017. The Workforce Diversity Policy has been created to ensure a workplace that encourages diversity in every aspect of life. It encompasses the students, parent and community. Some of the key legislations included in the DET Diversity Policy are: Community relations and Principles of Multiculturalism Act 2000 NSW Disability Services Act 1993 Commonwealth Disability Discrimination Act 1992 NSW Carers (Recognition) Act 2010 Teaching Service Act 1980 Technical and Further Education Commission Act 1990 NSW Public Sector Employment and Management Act 2002 and Education (School Administrative and Support Staff) Act 1987 It is evident from the above list of legislations that the department has more or less included all the relevant legislations that are aimed at ensuring workforce diversity. However, a close look into the policy reveals that little importance has been given to gender equality. Although the policy does mention equality on all levels including gender, it lacks prominence. Gender discrimination is visible throughout the world across workplaces and the situation is no different in Australia as well (Sugrue, 2014). Women with equal qualities and skills are not appointed to higher ranks, be it in educational institutions or other organizations. Gender equality becomes all the more important at basic educational level because that shapes and molds the behavior and thinking of the students. An inclusion of the Gender Equality Act would have provided a push to the workforces to work together towards the betterment of the Australian society. Identify where in the existing Policy the principles of diversity are evident. Diversity refers to the inclusion of people in a society from different cultural backgrounds, gender, demography, ethnicity, region and religion. The current DET policy is committed towards encouraging diversity in the workplace that mirrors the multiplicity of the students, teachers, carers, parents and the community of NSW. The Workforce Diversity Plan 2012-2017 mentions the achievement of a workplace where each individual irrespective of his or her culture, ethnicity, physical ability, community or religion, shall be valued and respected. Respecting differences is one of the principles of diversity. Providing equal employment opportunity to the people of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, differently able people, non-English speaking people, women and younger people is included in the principles of WDP. Equality in employment is also a part of the principles of diversity. The Strategic Human Resources Plan 2102-2017, mentions that a higher and better representation of Aboriginal people in the workplace will be an indicator of the achievement of goals. This can be aligned to the principles of diversity especially in the Australian context wherein the Aboriginal people are given their rightful importance. In addition, the plan also aims to have 50% representation of women in higher positions by the end of 2017 that would ensure a successful implementation of the plan. Other indicators include 1.5% or higher presence of people with disability in the workplace, 19% representation of non-English speaking people, racially and ethnically distinct people and other minority groups. The intention to prepare a separate plan for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people itself is evidence that supports the principles of diversity. The Aboriginal Human Resources Development Plan 2012-2017 aims to provide equal opportunities to the people of the deprived community to be a part of the workforce and achieve what they deserve. They will be given equal training to refine their skills and a platform to highlight them as well. Are the strategies and measures of success in the implementation documents relevant to the objectives in the policy? The DET Diversity Policy mentions wide range of objectives that it aims to achieve in the five years starting from 2012. The objectives include achieving skilled and diverse workforce reflecting diversity of the students, a workplace that encourages comprehensive practices for the profit of all employees, the education and other fields. In addition, providing better employment and opportunities to the under-represented through particular initiatives and plans also constitute the policy objectives. Other objectives are similar to the ones already mentioned. However, the last objective mentions the achievement of awareness amongst employees about their rights and duties in terms of equity, integrity and respect for diversity. A comparison of these objectives to the strategies and measures of success outlined in the three-implementation documents gives an insight into their relevancy. In the WDP 2012-2017, attracting and employing diverse workforce, developing and preserving the workforce and making this a part of everyday business are the three main strategies that are supposed to help in achieving the objectives. The strategies mentioned in the Aboriginals Human Resources Development Plan 2012-2017, like the WDP looks to enhance the participation of under-represented people with a special focus on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. These include, training the Aboriginal people to help them improve their managerial and leadership abilities, taking assistance from local communities to ensure better understanding and so on. As already mentioned, the Strategic Human Resources Development Plan 2012-2017 aims to apply strategies that include recruitment of best quality staff in all parts of Australia, partnering with local communities to empower under-represented individuals, devise innovative ways to do business to ensure everyone has a chance to display their talent and thus. The three-implementation documents mention the application of these strategies to achieve success by the end of the five-year plan. The measures of success for each plan is indicated by the achievement of a higher percentage of Aboriginal people in the workplace that includes students and teachers as well; increased percentage of women in senior roles, better representation of non-English speaking community , people from different race, ethnicity and minority groups. It is thus evident from the strategies and indicators of success that these can be related to the objectives mentioned in the policy. However, it remains to be seen to what extent these will be implemented and achieved. Review DET Annual Report for statistical data to identify trends for diversity and EEO issues The 2016 Annual Report of the NSW Department of Education provides statistics and information on the achievements and failures of the government to achieve its proposed objectives. In regards to the Workforce Diversity Plan, the Annual Report suggested an upward trend in the representation of women in educational institutions especially. According to the report, compared to the 73.4% representation of women in workplaces in 2012, the year 2016 saw an increase of 4%. In the senior leadership roles, the representation of women in senior leadership role exceeded the 50% benchmark by 1.1%. The benchmark of 2.6% representation of Aboriginal people in the workplace set by NSW government also saw a rise with 3.7% total representation in 2016. However, the stats showing representation of non-English speaking people witnessed a decline compared to previous years and did not even get close to the 19% benchmark set in the DET policy. With 3.2% representation of people with disability in 2016, t he trends suggest little deviation from previous years. Going by these statistics of the Annual report, it is evident that not much has been achieved yet as per the objectives and strategies of the Workforce Diversity Plan, the Aboriginal Human Resources Development Plan and the overall Strategic Human Resources Plan 2012-2017. In terms of the Equal Employment Opportunity, the Annual Report statistics showed no significant changes after the implementation of the DET Diversity Policy. Against the 100-benchmark set under the DET policy for EEO groups representing women, Aboriginal people, people with disability and non-English speaking people, only two groups saw a rise. People with disability and non-English speaking people stats increased by just four to 104 in 2016. The EEO issues too did not demonstrate much improvement even after the implementation of various plans. However, it must be stated that there is still time to review the effectiveness of these plans and hopefully the results would be remarkable. Make recommendations for improvement for the policy The DET Diversity Policy is a noble effort on the part of the NSW government and must be appreciated. Nonetheless, the visible trends and results indicate that sterner policies are required and better ways to implement are needed as well. Some recommendation can be made to improve or better the policy that include: Focus on the gender issue more specifically by introducing stricter legislation on Gender Equality Separate plan for non-English speaking population to ensure their equal representation Conducting awareness camps for people to train them regarding the policy Taking feedbacks from concerned people to include or reject any plan that suits the policy Initiating the first step by setting, an example to promote objectives likes appointing under-represented people to DET policy making team Hkansson and Isidorsson (2015) stated that before implementation of different diversity acts and regulations the institutions should make effective promotional activities with the help of which people in general can be aware of the acts and regulations. Discuss four relevant legislations and their impact on diversity in workplace Equal employment opportunity act strictly prohibits the organizational experts in maintaining discrimination at the workplace. This very specific act implies that people belonging to various geographical areas and religious backgrounds are competent for being the part of this institution like DET. Therefore, the administrative managers should never show their biased attitude in proving the platform (Hkansson and Isidorsson 2015). Gender Equality Act implies that both male and female should receive equal priority from the organization. In order to get a chance to be a learner of DET female employees had to face innumerable difficulties. As a result, the female learners would not get deprived of receiving effective learning process from the institution such as Department of Education and Training (Bjerkan, Nordtmme and Kummeneje 2013). Racial Discrimination Act ensures that an institution should not show their reluctant attitude in appointing an individual learning for the cause of racism. The purpose of an educational institution should be focusing on the skill and talent of an individual. An individual personality due to Aboriginal stature should never be ignored within a workplace. The Disability Discrimination Act 1992 defines that no individual shall be discriminated based on his or her physical, psychiatric, intellectual, learning or any other type of disability. The act also involves discrimination based on any illness like HIV or such. This act certainly has impact on workplace diversity, as it involves treatment of fellow colleagues as per their disability. This act ensures that peoples in the workplace especially in educational institutions respect the people with disability and allow them to grow together with others. The citizens of Australia must be made aware and trained in this regard so that the plans implemented by the government yields positive results. Reference List: Bjerkan, K.Y., Nordtmme, M.E. and Kummeneje, A.M., 2013. Transportation to employment.Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research,15(4), pp.342-360. Button, J.W., 2015.Black violence: Political impact of the 1960s riots. Princeton University Press. Hkansson, K. and Isidorsson, T., 2015. Temporary Agency Workers-Precarious Workers?: Perceived Job Security and Employability for Temporary Agency Workers and Client Organization Employees at a Swedish Manufacturing Plant.Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies,5(4), p.3. Kurtulus, F.A. and Tomaskovic-Devey, D., 2012. Do female top managers help women to advance? A panel study using EEO-1 records.The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,639(1), pp.173-197. Lee, S.Z., 2013. A Revolution at War with Itself-Preserving Employment Preferences from Weber to Ricci.Yale LJ,123, p.2964. Miller, A.R. and Segal, C., 2014. Do female officers improve law enforcement quality? Effects on crime reporting and domestic violence escalation. Smith, J.J., 2014. Banning the Box but Keeping the Discrimination: Disparate Impact and Employers' Overreliance on Criminal Background Checks.Harv. CR-CLL Rev.,49, p.197. Sugrue, T.J., 2014.The origins of the urban crisis: Race and inequality in postwar Detroit. Princeton University Press.

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Chapters 1-4 Vocabulary Essay Example

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Chapters 1-4 Vocabulary Paper adolescence A period of the life course between the timepuberty begins and the time adult status is approached, when young people are in the process of preparing to take on the roles and responsibilities of adulthood in their culture. life-cycle service A period in their late teens and 20s in which young people from the 16th to the 19th century engaged in domestic service, farm service, or apprenticeships in various trades and crafts. child study movement Late 19th century group, led by G. Stanley Hall, that advocated research on child and adolescent development and the improvement of conditions for children and adolescents in the family, school, and workplace. recapitulation Now-discredited theory that held that the development of each individual recapitulates the evolutionary development of the human species as a whole. storm and stress Theory promoted by G. Stanley Hall asserting that adolescence is inevitably a time of mood disruptions, conflict with parents, and antisocial behavior. survey A questionnaire study that involves asking a large number of people questions about their opinions, beliefs, or behavior. stratified sampling Sampling technique in which researchers select participants so that various categories of people are represented in proportions equal to their presence in the population. random sample Sampling technique in which the people selected for participation in a study are chosen randomly, meaning that no one in the population has a better or worse chance of being selected than anyone else. menarche A girls first menstrual period. emerging adulthood Period from roughly ages 18 to 25 in industrialized countries during which young people become more independent from parents and explore various life possibilities before making enduring commitments. Lamarckian Reference to Lamarcks ideas, popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, that evolution takes place as a result of accumulated experience such that organisms pass on their characteristics from one generation to the next in the form of memories and acquired characteristics. early adolescence Period of human development lasting from about age 10 to about age 14. late adolescence Period of human development lasting from about age 15 to about age 18. individualism Cultural belief system that emphasized the desirability of independence, self-sufficiency, and self-expression. collectivism A set of beliefs asserting that it is important for persons to mute their individual desires in order to contribute to the well-being and success of the group. interdependence The web of commitments, attachments, and obligations that exist in some human groups. scientific method A systematic way of finding the answers to questions or problems that includes standards of sampling, procedure, and measures. hypotheses Ideas, based on theory or previous research, that a scholar wishes to test in a scientific study. sample The people included in a given study, who are intended to represent the population of interest. population The entire group of people of interest in a study. representative Characteristic of a sample that refers to the degree to which it accurately represents the population of interest. generalizable Characteristic of a sample that refers to the degree to which findings based on the sample can be used to make accurate statements about the population of interest. procedure Standards for the way a study is conducted. Includes informed consent and certain rules for avoiding biases in the data collection. method A scientific strategy for collecting data. peer reviewed When a scholarly article or book is evaluated by a scholars peers (i.e., other scholars) for scientific credibility and importance. informed consent Standard procedure in social scientific studies that entails informing potential participants of what their participation would involve, including any possible risks. consent form Written statement provided by a researcher to potential participants in a study, informing them of who is conducting the study, the purposes of the study, and what their participation would involve, including potential risks. closed question Questionnaire format that entails choosing from specific responses provided for each question. open-ended question Questionnaire format that involves writing in response to each question. interview Research method that involves asking people questions in a conversational format, such that peoples answers are in their own words. qualitative Data that is collected in non-numerical form, usually in interviews or observations. quantitative Data that is collected in numerical form, usually on questionnaires. ethnographic research Research in which scholars spend a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study, usually living among them. ethnography A book that presents an anthropologists observations of what life is like in a particular culture. reliability Characteristic of a measure that refers to the extent to which results of the measure on one occasion are similar to results of the measure on a separate occasion. validity The truthfulness of a measure, that is, the extent to which it measures what it claims to measure. experimental research method A research method that entails assigning participants randomly to an experimental group that received a treatment and a control group that does not receive the treatment, then comparing the two groups in a posttest. experimental group In experimental research, the group that receives the treatment. control group In experimental research, the group that does not receive the treatment. interventions Programs intended to change the attitudes and/or behavior of the participants. natural experiment A situation that occurs naturally but that provides interesting scientific information to the perceptive observer. monozygotic (MZ) twins Twins with exactly the same genotype. Also known as identical twins. dizygotic (DZ) twins Twins with about half their genotype in common, the same as for other siblings. Also known as fraternal twins. correlation versus causation A correlation is a predictable relationship between two variables, such that knowing one of the variables makes it possible to predict the other. However, just because two variables are correlated does not mean that one causes the other, longitudinal study A study in which data is collected from the participants on more than one occasion. patriarchal authority Cultural belief in the absolute authority of the father over his wife and children. filial piety Confucian belief, common in many Asian societies, that children are obligated to respect, obey, and revere their parents, especially the father. caste system Hindu belief that people are born into a particular caste based on their moral and spiritual conduct in their previous life. A persons caste then determines their status in Indian society. globalization Increasing worldwide technological and economic integration, which is making different pars of the world increasingly connected and increasingly similar culturally. bicultural Having an identity that includes aspects of two different cultures. resilience Overcoming adverse environmental circumstances to achieve healthy development. culture The total pattern of a groups customs, beliefs, art, and technology; a groups common way of life, passed on from one generation to the next. the West The United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand; they are all developed countries, they are all representative democracies with similar kinds of governments, and they share to some extent a common cultural history; today, they are characterized by secularism, consumerism, and capitalism, to one degree or another; usually refers to the majority culture in each of the countries, but each country also has cultural groups that do not share the characteristics of the majority culture and may even be in opposition to it. developed countries Includes the countries of the West along with Eastern countries such as Japan and South Korea; all of them have highly developed economies that have passed through a period of industrialization and are now based mainly on services (such as law, banking, sales, and accounting) and information (such as computer-related companies). majority culture The culture that sets most of the norms and standards and holds most of the positions of political, economic, intellectual, and media power; in America, the mostly White, middle-class majority in American society. society A group of people who interact in the course of sharing a common geographical area; may include a variety of cultures with different customs, religions, family traditions, and economic practices; different from a culture: members of a culture share a common way of life, whereas members of this may not. traditional cultures Refers to a culture that has maintained a way of life based on stable traditions passed from one generation to the next. These cultures do not generally value change but rather place a higher value on remaining true to cultural traditions; often, they are called preindustrial, which means that they technology and economic practices typical in developed countries are not widely used. developing countries Previously traditional, preindustrial cultures that become industrialized as a consequence of globalization. socioeconomic status Often used to refer to social class, which includes educational level, income level, and occupational status. For adolescents and emerging adults, because they have not yet reached the social class they will have as adults, this is usually used in reference to their parents levels of education, income, and occupation. young people Adolescents and emerging adults together. research design The plan for when and how to collect the data for a study. cross-sectional research Research in which data are collected on a sample of people at a single point in time. national survey Research technique which utilizes both stratified sampling and random sampling on a large scale. national survey Research technique which utilizes both stratified sampling and random sampling on a large scale. puberty The changes in physiology, anatomy, and physical functioning that develop a person into a mature adult biologically and prepare the body for sexual reproduction. endocrine system A network of glands in the body. Through hormones, the glands coordinate their functioning and affect the development and functioning of the body. hormones Chemicals, released by the glands of the endocrine system, that affect the development and functioning of the body, including development during puberty. hypothalamus The master gland, located in the lower part of the brain beneath the cortex, that affects a wide range of physiological and psychological functioning and stimulates and regulates the production of hormones by other glands, including the ones involved in the initiation of puberty. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Hormone released by the hypothalamus that causes gonadotropins to be released by the pituitary. leptin A protein, produced by fat cells, that signals the hypothalamus to initiate the hormonal changes of puberty. pituitary gland A gland about half an inch long located at the base of the brain that released gonadotropins as part of the bodys preparation for reproduction. gonadotropins hormones (FSH and LH) that stimulate the development of gametes. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Along with LH, stimulates the development of gametes and sex hormones in the ovaries and testicles. luteinizing hormone (LH) Along with FSH, stimulates the development of gametes and sex hormones in the ovaries and testicles. gametes Cells, distinctive to each sex, that are involved in reproduction (egg cells in the ovaries of the female and sperm in the testes of the male). gonads The ovaries and testicles. Also known as the sex glands. sex hormones Androgens and estrogens that cause the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics. estrogens The sex hormones that have especially high levels in females from puberty onward and are mostly responsible for female primary and secondary sex characteristics. androgens The sex hormones that have especially high levels in males from puberty onward and are mostly responsible for male primary and secondary sex characteristics. estradiol The estrogen most important in pubertal development among girls. testosterone The androgen most important in pubertal development among boys. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) The hormone that causes the adrenal glands to increase androgen production feedback look System of hormones involving the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads, which monitors and adjusts the levels of sex hormones. set point Optimal level of sex hormones in the body. When this point is reached, responses in the glands of the feedback loop cause the production of sex hormones to be reduced. adolescent growth spurt The rapid increase in height that takes place at the beginning of puberty. peak height velocity The point at which the adolescent growth spurt is at its maximum rate. asynchronicity Uneven growth of different parts of the body during puberty. extremities The feet, hands, and head. vital capacity The amount of air that can be exhaled after a deep breath, which increases rapidly during puberty, especially for boys. maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) A measure of the ability of the body to take in oxygen and transport it to various organs; peaks in the early 20s. cardiac output A measure of the quantity of blood pumped by the heart. health promotion Efforts to reduce health problems in young people through encouraging changes in the behaviors that put young people at risk. primary sex characteristics The production of eggs and sperm and the development of the sex organs. secondary sex characteristics Bodily changes of puberty not directly related to reproduction. ovum Mature egg that develops from follicle in ovaries about every 28 days. spermarche Beginning of development of sperm in boys testicles at puberty. vulva External female sex organs, including the labia majora, the labia minora, and the clitoris. labia majora Part of vulva; Latin for large lips. labia minora Part of vulva; Latin for small lips. clitoris Part of vulva in which females sexual sensations are concentrated. breast buds The first slight enlargement of the breast in girls at puberty. areola Area surrounding the nipple on the breast; enlarges at puberty. secular trend A change in the characteristics of a population over time. reaction range Term meaning that genes establish a range of possible development and environment determines where development takes place within that range. incest taboo The prohibition on sexual relations between family members. Believed to be biologically based, as children born to closely related parents are at higher risk for genetic disorders. premenstrual syndrome (PMS) The combination of behavioral, emotional, and physical symptoms that occur in some females the week before menstruation. semenarche A males first ejaculation. age-graded Organized by age, for example in schools. nature-nurture debate Debate over the relative importance of biology and the environment in human development. theory of genotype>environment effects Theory that both genetics and environment make essential contributions to human development but are difficult to unravel because our genes actually influence the kind of environment we experience. passive genotype>environment effects Situation in biological families that parents provide both genes and environment for their children, making genes and environment difficult to separate in their effects on childrens development. evocative genotype>environment effects Occur when a persons inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in the environment. active genotype>environment effects Occur when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics. mikveh Among Orthodox Jewish women, a ritual bath taken a week after the conclusion of the menstrual period, believed to cleanse the impurity believed to be associated with menstruation. cognitive development Changes over time in how people think, how they solve problems, and how their capacities for memory and attention change. Jean Piaget Influential Swiss developmental psychologist, best known for his theories of cognitive and moral development stage A period in which abilities are organized in a coherent, interrelated way. mental structure The organization of cognitive abilities into a single pattern, such that thinking in all aspects of life is a reflection of that structure. cognitive-developmental approach Approach to understanding cognition that emphasizes the changes that take place at different ages. maturation Process by which abilities develop through genetically based development with limited influence from the environment. schemes A mental structure for organizing and interpreting information. assimilation The cognitive process that occurs when new information is altered to fit an existing scheme. accommodation The cognitive process that occurs when a scheme is changed to adapt to new information. sensorimotor stage Cognitive stage in first 2 years of life that involves learning how to coordinate the activities of the senses with motor activities. preoperational stage Cognitive stage from ages 2 to 7 during which the child becomes capable of representing the world symbolicallyfor example, through the use of languagebut is still very limited in ability to use mental operations. concrete operations Cognitive stage from age 7 to 11 in which children learn to use mental operations but are limited to applying them to concrete, observable situations rather than hypothetical situations. mental operations Cognitive activity involving manipulating and reasoning about objects. formal operations Cognitive stage from age 11 on up in which people learn to think systematically about possibilities and hypotheses. pendulum problem Piagets classic test of formal operations, in which persons are asked to figure out what determines the speed at which a pendulum sways from side to side. hypothetical-deductive reasoning Piagets term for the process by which the formal operational thinker systematically tests possible solutions to a problem and arrives at an answer that can be defended and explained. abstract thinking Thinking in terms of symbols, ideas, and concepts. complex thinking Thinking that takes into account multiple connections and interpretations, such as in the use of metaphor, satire, and sarcasm. metacognition The capacity for thinking about thinking that allows adolescents and adults to reason about their thought processes and monitor them. individual differences Approach to research that focuses on how individuals differ within a group, for example, in performance on IQ tests. postformal thinking Type of thinking beyond formal operations, involving greater awareness of the complexity of real-life situations, such as the use of pragmatism and reflective judgment. pragmatism Type of thinking that involves adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations. dialectical thought Type of thinking that develops in emerging adulthood, involving a growing awareness that most problems do not have a single solution and that problems must often be addressed with crucial pieces of information missing. reflective judgment The capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments. dualistic thinking Cognitive tendency to see situations and issues in polarized, absolute, black-and-white terms. multiple thinking Cognitive approach entailing recognition that there is more than one legitimate view of things and that it can be difficult to justify one position as the true or accurate one. relativism Cognitive ability to recognize the legitimacy of competing points of view but also compare the relative merits of competing views. commitment Cognitive status in which persons commit themselves to certain points of view they believe to be the most valid while at the same time being open to reevaluating their views if new evidence is presented to them. information-processing approach An approach to understanding cognition that seeks to delineate the steps involved in the thinking process and how each step is connected to the next. discontinuous A view of development as taking place in stages that are distinct from one another rather than as one gradual, continuous process. continuous A view of development as a gradual, steady process rather than as taking place in distinct stages. componential approach Description of the information-processing approach to cognition, indicating that it involves breaking down the thinking process into its various components. selective attention The ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant. divided attention The ability to focus on more than one task at a time. short-term memory Memory for information that is the current focus of attention. long-term memory Memory for information that is committed to long-term storage, so that it can be drawn upon after a period when attention has not been focused on it. working memory An aspect of short-term memory that refers to where information is stored as it is comprehended and analyzed. mnemonic devices Memory strategies. automaticity Degree of cognitive effort a person needs to devote to processing a given set of information. reductionism Breaking up a phenomenon into separate parts to such an extent that the meaning and coherence of the phenomenon as a whole becomes lost. critical thinking Thinking that involves not merely memorizing information but analyzing it, making judgments about what it means, relating it to other information, and considering ways in which it might be valid or invalid. behavioral decision theory Theory of decision making that describes the decision-making process as including (1) identifying the range of possible choices; (2) identifying the consequences that would result from each choice; (3) evaluating the desirability of each consequence; (4) assessing the likelihood of each consequence; and (5) integrating this information. organizational core Term applied especially to cognitive development, meaning that cognitive development affects all areas of thinking, no matter what the topic. social cognition How people think about other people, social relationships, and social institutions perspective taking The ability to understand the thoughts and feelings of others. mutual perspective taking Stage of perspective taking, often found in early adolescence, in which persons understand that their perspective-taking interactions with others are mutual, in the sense that each side realizes that the other can take their perspective. social and conventional system perspective taking Realizing that the social perspectives of self and others are influenced not just by their interaction with each other but by their roles in the larger society. prosocial Promoting the well-being of others. theory of mind The ability to attribute mental states to ones self and others, including beliefs, thoughts, and feelings. adolescent egocentrism Type of egocentrism in which adolescents have difficulty distinguishing their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others. imaginary audience Belief that others are acutely aware of and attentive to ones appearance and behavior. personal fable A belief in ones personal uniqueness, often including a sense of invulnerability to the consequences of taking risks. optimistic bias The tendency to assume that accidents, diseases, and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to other people than to ones self. psychometric approach Attempt to understand human cognition by evaluating cognitive abilities using intelligence tests Alfred Binet French psychologist who developed the first intelligence test in the early 20th century, which later became known as the Stanford-Binet. Stanford-Binet Widely used IQ test developed by Alfred Binet and revised by scholars at Stanford University intelligence quotient A measure of a persons intellectual abilities based on a standardized test. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) Intelligence test for children ages 6 to 16, with six Verbal and five Performance subtests. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) Intelligence test for persons ages 16 and up, with six Verbal and five Performance subtests. Verbal subtests In the Wechsler IQ tests, subtests that examine verbal abilities Performance subtests In the Wechsler IQ tests, subtests that examine abilities for attention, spatial perception, and speed of processing. relative performance In IQ tests, performance results compared to those of other persons of the same age. absolute performance In IQ tests, performance results compared to those of other persons, regardless of age. age norms Technique for developing a psychological test, in which a typical score for each age is established by testing a large random sample of people from a variety of geographical areas and social class backgrounds. median In a distribution of scores, the point at which half of the population scores above and half below. test-retest reliability Type of reliability that examines whether or not persons scores on one occasion are similar to their scores on another occasion. fluid intelligence Mental abilities that involve speed of analyzing, processing, and reacting to information. crystallized intelligence Accumulated knowledge and enhanced judgment based on experience. predictive validity In longitudinal research, the ability of a variable at Time 1 to predict the outcome of a variable at Time 2. transracial adoption The adoption of children of one race by parents of a different race. theory of multiple intelligences Howard Gardners theory that there are eight separate types of intelligence. fMRI A technique for measuring brain functioning during an ongoing activity. PET scans A technique for assessing ongoing brain functioning, in which a chemical that emits positrons is injected into the body, and detectors measure their activity levels in various parts of the brain. synapse The point of transmission between two nerve cells. neurons Cells of the nervous system, including the brain. overproduction or exuberance A rapid increase in the production of synaptic connections in the brain. gray matter The outer layer of the brain, where most of the growth in brain cells occurs during overproduction in adolescence. frontal lobes The part of the brain immediately behind the forehead. Known to be involved in higher brain functions such as planning ahead and analyzing complex problems. synaptic pruning Following overproduction, the process by which the number of synapses in the brain are reduced, making brain functioning faster and more efficient but less flexible. myelination Process by which myelin, a blanket of fat wrapped around the main part of the neuron, grows. Myelin serves the function of keeping the brains electrical signals on one path and increasing their speed. cerebellum A structure in the lower brain, well beneath the cortex, long thought to be involved only in basic functions such as movement, now known to be important for many higher functions as well, such as mathematics, music, decision making, and social skills. Vygotsky Russian psychologist who emphasized the cultural basis of cognitive development. zone of proximal development The gap between how competently a person performs a task alone and when guided by an adule or more competent peer. scaffolding The degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learners skills develop. guided participation The teaching interaction between two people (often an adult and a child or adolescent) as they participate in a culturally valued activity. cultural psychology Approach to human psychology emphasizing that psychological functioning cannot be separated from the culture in which it takes place. cultural beliefs The predominant beliefs in a culture about right and wrong, what is most important in life, and how life should be lived. May also include beliefs about where and how life originated and what happens after death. symbolic inheritance The set of ideas and understandings, both implicit and explicit, about persons, society, nature, and divinity that serve as a guide to life in a particular culture. It is expressed symbolically through stories, songs, rituals, sacred objects, and sacred places. roles Defined social positions in a culture, containing specifications of behavior, status, and relations with others. Examples include gender, age, and social class. gender roles Cultural beliefs about the kinds of work, appearance, and other aspects of behavior that distinguish women from men. socialization The process by which people acquire the behaviors and beliefs of the culture in which they live. self-regulation The capacity for exercising self-control in order to restrain ones impulses and comply with social norms. role preparation An outcome of socialization that includes preparation for occupational roles, gender roles, and roles in institutions such as marriage and parenthood. Bat Mitzvah Jewish religious ritual for girls at age 13 that signifies the adolescents new responsibilities with respect to Jewish beliefs. Bar Mitzvah Jewish religious ritual for boys at age 13 that signifies the adolescents new responsibilities with respect to Jewish beliefs. sources of meaning The ideas and beliefs that people learn as a part of socialization, indicating what is important, what is to be values, what is to be lived for, and how to explain and offer consolation for the individuals mortality. interdependent self A conception of the self typically found in collectivistic cultures, in which the self is seen as defined by roles and relationships within the group. independent self A conception of the self typically found in individualistic cultures, in which the self is seen as existing independently of relations with others, with an emphasis on independence, individual freedoms, and individual achievements. broad socialization The process by which persons in an individualistic culture come to learn individualism, including values of individual uniqueness, independence, and self-expression. narrow socialization The process by which persons in a collectivistic culture come to learn collectivism, including values of obedience and conformity. custom complex A customary practice and the beliefs, values, sanctions, rules, motives, and satisfactions associated with it; that is, a normative practice in a culture and the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for that practice. ontogenetic Something that occurs naturally in the course of development as part of normal maturation; that is, it is driven by innate processes rather than by environmental stimulation or a specific cultural practice. first-generation families The status of persons who were born in one country and then immigrated to another. second-generation families The status of persons who were born in the country they currently reside in but whose parents were born in a different country. secular Based on nonreligious beliefs and values. social desirability The tendency for people participating in social science studies to report their behavior as they believe it would be approved by others rather than as it actually occurred. poetic-conventional faith Fowlers term for the stage of faith development most typical of early adolescence, in which people become more aware of the symbolism used in their faith and religious understanding becomes more complex in the sense hat early adolescents increasingly believe that there is more than one way of knowing the truth. individuating-reflective faith Fowlers term for the stage of faith most typical of late adolescence and emerging adulthood, in which people rely less on what their parents believed and develop a more individualized faith based on questioning their beliefs and incorporating their personal experience into their beliefs. heteronomous morality Piagets term for the period of moral development from about ages 4 to about 7, in which moral rules are viewed as having a sacred, fixed quality, handed down from figures of authority and alterable only by them. autonomous morality Piagets term for the period of moral development from about ages 10 to 12, involving a growing realization that moral rules are social conventions that can be changed if people decide they should be changed. preconventional reasoning In Kohlbergs theory of moral development, the level in which moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments. conventional reasoning In Kohlbergs theory of moral development, the level of moral reasoning in which the person advocates the value of conforming to the moral expectations of others. What is right is whatever agrees with the rules established by tradition and by authorities. postconventional reasoning In Kohlbergs theory of moral development, the level in which moral reasoning is based on the individuals own independent judgments rather than on egocentric considerations or considerations of what others view as wrong or right. justice orientation A type of moral orientation that places a premium on abstract principles of justice, equality, and fairness. care orientation Gilligans term for the type of moral orientation that involves focusing on relationships with others as the basis for moral reasoning. worldview A set of cultural beliefs that explain what it means to be human, how human relations should be conducted, and how human problems should be addressed.